California Mediation and Arbitration

Deadlines: Deadlines To Vacate Or Correct Arbitration Award Are Strictly Applied By Second District, Div. 2

Darby v. Sisyphian, LLC, B314968 (2/2  1/26/23) (Hoffstadt, Ashmann-Gerst, Chavez), Helpfully Lays Out Deadlines To Confirm, Vacate, Or Correct Award.

Sisyphus. Titian. Public Domain. Wikipedia.

        Aisha Darby, an exotic dancer, arbitrated wage and hour claims with her employer Sisyphian, LLC.  After robust advocacy in arbitration, she eventually received an award of $105,109.75 -- less than she and her attorney sought, more than the respondent thought they were entitled to. She petitioned to confirm the award. Respondent had a 10 day window to respond and seek to vacate or correct the award, but waited 32 days. Respondent's untimely response meant the award was successfully confirmed. The Court of Appeal further held that Sisyphian's failure to timely respond to vacate or correct in the trial court deprived the Court of Appeal of the ability to consider arguments to vacate or correct.

        BONUS:

The Court of Appeal summarizes key deadlines:

-- Four years to petition to confirm an award from the date the award is served. Cal. Code of Civ. Proc. § 1288.

-- The shorter of: (1) 100 day rule. A petition to vacate an award or to correct an award shall be served and filed not later than 100 days after the date of the service of a signed copy of the award on the petitioner. 1288; (2) 10 day rule. A response to vacate or correct an award shall be served and filed within 10 days after service of the petition to confirm. 1290.6.

-- The 100 day rule is jurisdictional. The 10 day rule is jurisdictional, but it can be extended by agreement of the parties, or by the court for good cause if no one will be prejudiced.

        COMMENT: The economics of this case are hard to fathom. While it may seem at first blush that the employer got socked with a $105,109.75 award -- not chump change -- that's not the whole story. Darby's award included $82,800 in attorney's fees and $23,347.25 in compensation, minus $1,037.50 in costs for which she was responsible. She had requested  $283,941.25 in attorney's fees. So she prevailed, but someone took a haircut.

        Mike Hensley's and my blog, California Attorney's Fees, makes the point that sometimes attorney's fees are the tail that wags the dog. Darby v. Sisyphian, LLC is such a case. Readers can also find a post about this case on our attorney's fees blog.

 

 

Award, Fees: Award Of Arbitrator Was Final And Could Not Be Changed By Later Efforts To Award Fees

Once The Arbitrator Determines All Issues Necessary To Resolve The Essential Dispute, The Arbitrator's Ruling Constitute A Final Award Under § 1283.4.

        The arbitrator issued an award, labeled neither final nor interim, on April 3, 2020, denying employee a finding of liability in her favor, and denying employee and respondent employer attorney's fees, on the grounds that employee's claim was neither frivolous nor meritless. After post-hearing briefing, the arbitrator awarded $53,705.43 in fees to employer on June 11 in a revised award. Finally, on June 29, the arbitrator issued a corrected final award of $73, 756.43. The employer then asked the trial court to confirm the award denying employee a finding of liability and awarding $73,756.43 to employer. The trial court confirmed the award, except as to the fees, and so the employer appealed in order to recover its fees. Elizabeth Taska v. The RealReal, Inc., A164130 (1/5  11/4/22) (Jackson, Burns, Wiseman).

        First, whether the award was labeled final, interim, revised, or corrected could not be dispositive, because the law values substance over form. Second, what was dispositive was that the initial award, issued on April 3, was in substance a final award: the arbitrator addressed the liability issue, ruling against the employee, and she addressed the fee issue, denying fees to the employer. Once she determined all issues necessary to resolve the essential dispute, the arbitrator had, in substance, issued the final award. She had no power, except on narrow grounds that were not present, to change her award. And so the Court of Appeal confirmed the trial judge's judgment.

        COMMENT: My colleague Mike Hensley and I have another blog entitled California Attorney's Fees. Our mission statement in that blog cites the words of  the late Justice Edward Wallin: "All too often attorney fees become the tail that wags the dog in litigation." 

Arbitration, Deadline, Vacatur: Second District, Div. 2 Holds Missed Deadline Means Arbitration Award Can't Be Vacated

Deadline To Move To Vacate Arbitration Award Is Jurisdictional.

Cover, First Edition of Charles Dickens' Bleak House. 1852-53. 

        Locked in sororicidal probate litigation over the disposition of mom and dad's estate, Sarah Plott Key prevailed at first, entitling her to one-third of her parents' estate which, at the time "was equivalent to about $20 million." To get to that result, Key borrowed $2.4M from Law Finance Group to pay for the probate action. Key paid back the principal, but refused to pay back the interest, claiming terms of the note violated the California Financing Law.

        The loan agreement with LFG required binding arbitration. A panel of three arbitrators awarded LFG $778,351 interest plus $838,864 attorney fees and costs to LFG. 

        In superior court, Key filed a petition to vacate the award, arguing the arbitrators exceeded their power because they found the loan to be a consumer loan and should have voided the loan in violation of the California Financing Law. For good measure, Key also filed a response to LFG's petition to confirm the award, raising the same arguments as in her petition to vacate. And the superior court agreed with Key, vacating the award. LFG appealed. Law Finance Group, LLC v. Sarah Plott Key, B305790 (2/2  7/30/21) (Lui, Ashmann-Gerst, Hoffstadt).

        With a nod to the recently departed Ron Popeil: "But wait, there's more!" The Court of Appeal never reached the substantive issue because it held Key did not timely request the arbitration award be vacated. Here's the timeline:

9/18/19 -- panel of 3 arbitrators issued modified award

10/1/19 -- LFG files petition to confirm award in superior court

1/27/20 -- Key files petition to vacate award in superior court

2/5/20 -- Key files response to LFG's petition to confirm, including her arguments from motion to vacate

        The Court of Appeal held Key is SOL because her petition to vacate was filed 130 days after the modified award was issued, missing the 100 day deadline for filing the petition to vacate. Key argued she had ten days to respond to LFG's motion to confirm the award, which was  true, and she included her objections to confirming the award in her  timely response to the petition, which was also true. But that  did not help her in the Court of Appeal, which concluded the dispositive statutory provision was the one governing time to file the petition to vacate the award (100 days), rather  than the statutory provision giving her 10 days to respond to the petition to confirm the award. By the time Key filed her petition to confirm, and by the time she filed her response to LFG's petition to confirm, she was beyond the 100-day deadline to petition to vacate.

        COMMENT: "Litigation among the sisters continues. . . . " (footnote 1 to the opinion). There is an anti-SLAPP motion filed in a probate proceeding to enforce a no contest clause in the parents' trust, and another currently pending appeal arising from a petition by Key alleging her sister breached fiduciary duties as trustee. It's a shame this roiling family dispute among sisters could not have been successfully mediated.

 

 

Arbitration, Disclosures, Vacatur: Second District, Div. 7 Holds That Party Cannot Waive Right To Timely Object To Appointment Of An Arbitrator

Years Earlier, The Parties Had Agreed To The Appointment Of A Particular Arbitrator.

        Brothers Harry and Ted Soussos fought over control of  family business interests. Harry moved to compel arbitration, and Ted timely objected. The arbitrator refused to recuse himself, and Harry obtained an award in  his favor. The rub here is that several years earlier, Ted and Harry had agreed that in case future disputes arose, they would not object to the appointment of Judge John P. Shook (ret.) as the  arbitrator. After the arbitrator issued the award, Ted unsuccessfully sought to vacate it in the trial court. Did the earlier agreement not to contest the appointment of Judge Shook mean that Ted had waived the  right to object? 

        The right to timely object to the appointment of an arbitrator cannot be waived, holds the court in  Soussos v Soussos, No. B293358 (2/7   2/15/21) (Feuer, Perluss, Segal).

Deadlines, Mandatory Fee Arbitration Act: Mailing Did Not Extend 30-Day Deadline After Service Of Award To File New Action After Mandatory Fee Arbitration

What A Difference A Day Makes . . . 

        Attorney Soni and his client entered into mandatory fee arbitration, and thirty-three days  after receiving an award of $2.50 (two dollars and fifty cents) in his favor, the attorney filed a new action in the superior court. Ruling the 30 day deadline to file a lawsuit had been extended by service of the award by mail, the trial judge held that the filing was timely, and ultimately granted a new more favorable award in Soni's favor. The client appealed. Soni v. Simplelayers, Inc., B284164 (2/5  12/14/19) (Moor, author).

The Court of Appeal reversed, holding that "service is complete at the time of deposit in the mail and not extended for service by mail." Furthermore, the attorney also failed to file a petition or response within 100 days of service of the award, and thus was unable to attack the award.

                Comment: A Trap For The Unwary ! 

Conversion. Animal traps to armor-piercing bullet cores. Some of the traps made by an Eastern concern that specialized in these products during peace years. All the facilities of the plant are now devoted to the making of armor-piercing bullet cores, incendiary bomb noses, army cot parts and other war essentials. Library of Congress. 1942.

    Justice Baker, concurring, states: "The court's opinion observes '[t]he structure of section 6206, read in isolation, is arguably confusing, and it may present a trap for the unwary.' That is an understatement. The statutory scheme is confusing, full stop, and it does present a trap for the unwary."

    Here, the "trap for the unwary" led to a major reversal of fortune. The attorney, who received $2.50 in mandatory fee arbitration, received an award of $2,890 and $79,898 in attorney fees as prevailing party in the trial court. After the appeal, the trial court award goes up in smoke. 

Arbitration, PAGA, FAA, Waiver, Deadlines: Fourth District, Div. 1 Rules California Courts Are Still Bound By Iskanian, Despite SCOTUS Arbitration Cases

Case Contains Rich Discussion Of Arbitration, PAGA, Federal Preemption, And Divergence Of State And Federal Law.

    Plaintiffs sued their former employer, alleging wage and hour violations and seeking civil penalties under California's Private Attorney General Act of 2004 (PAGA). Employer successfully petitioned to arbitrate, with one exception: the trial court held that under Iskanian v. CLS Transportation Los Angeles, LLC (2014), the PAGA claim could not be arbitrated, without the consent of the state. A PAGA claim is in the nature of a qui tam action, and the state has a stake in the outcome. Employer appealed the adverse PAGA ruling. Correia v. NB Baker Electric, Inc., D073798 (4/1  2/25/19) (Haller, McConnell, Nares).

    The Court of Appeal affirmed. Notwithstanding SCOTUS cases such as Epic and Concepcion, finding that the Federal Arbitration Act (FAA) has broad preemptive scope, the Court of Appeal holds that Iskanian is still good law, because the federal cases did not address the precise question presented by Iskanian, because Iskanian involves a claim for civil penalties brought on behalf of the state, and the enforceability of an agreement barring a PAGA representative action in any forum. 

    The Court notes that some federal cases have found that, even if an agreement barring a representative action in any forum is unenforceable under Iskanian, Iskanian does not prevent a court from directing a representative action to arbitration. As the Court explains, however, California appellate courts have reached a different conclusion, based on the fact that in a PAGA action, the State of California plays a role. 

    COMMENT: The Court acknowledges, "[T]here are different ways of viewing a qui tam lawsuit regarding the true claim owner and whether the state and the employee can both be considered to be real parties in interest in the lawsuit for purposes of evaluating an employee's authority to waive rights to bring claims in court." The PAGA claim seems to have a mixed nature, because state authority is required, explicitly or implicitly, for the employee to proceed with the claim, and the state gets 75% of the penalty. On the other hand, the employee brings the claim, and the state does not supervise the litigation. However, the Court explains that at the time of the predispute waiver, the state still retains authority over the claim. Under the Court's reasoning, the state could waive rights to a court forum at the time the dispute arises. Of course, there is no reason to expect that to ever happen.

    The opinion also points out a deadline trap for the unwary. The employer argued that plaintiffs' response to its arbitration petition was untimely. Plaintiffs treated the petition as a motion to which a response would be due nine court days before the hearing, but a response is due 10 days after the arbitration moving papers are served. (Code Civ. Proc., section 1290.6). Fortunately for plaintiffs, the Court of Appeal said that it was not clear whether the arbitration petition statute or the general motions statute governed, but in either case, the deadline was not jurisdictional.  The safe solution for the practitioner is to calendar the earlier response date.

    

Arbitration Deadlines: 9th Circuit Holds That Petition To Vacate Arbitration Award Is One Day Late

Opinion Clarifies How To Perform Calculation.

    In Stevens v. Jiffy Lube, No. 17-15965 (9th Cir. 12/27/18) (McKeown, Fletcher, Bybee), the panel affirms the district court's denial of a petition to vacate an arbitration award, on the grounds that the petition was one day late. In doing so, it clarifies how to calculate the deadline.

    The arbitration award was delivered on September 14, 2016, and the petition was filed on December 15, 2016. Look to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 6(a) for how to calculate the three-month filing deadline under the Federal Arbitration Act's three-month filing deadline. The Federal Rules of Civil Procedure apply to FAA proceedings, unless the FAA provides otherwise.

    1. When the period is stated in days or a longer unit of time (here, three months), exclude the day of the event that triggers the period, here, September 14, 2016.

    2.  Count every day, including intermediate Saturdays, Sundays, and legal holidays.

    3. Include the last day of the period, but if the last days is a Saturday, Sunday, or legal holiday, the period continues to run until the end of the next day that is not a Saturday, Sunday, or legal holiday.

    

Arbitration, Delegation, Waiver, Jurisdiction, Deadlines: Conduct Of Parties Evidenced Consent To Allow Arbitrator To Decide The Issue Of His Own Jurisdiction

To Ask The Question Is To Answer It . . . 

        My law professors seemed fond of that old chestnut, "to ask the question is to answer it."  Once you know the question presented by the Court of Appeal in Douglass v. Serenivision, Inc., B277574 (2/2  2/18/18) (Hoffstadt, Lui, Chavez) (published), you will know the answer.

 Question:  Does a party clearly and unmistakably consent to have an arbitrator decide his own jurisdiction when that party does not object to the arbitrator's jurisdiction in its answer to the arbitration petition, informs the arbitrator that it is "voluntarily" "submit[ing]" to the arbitrator's jurisdiction, appears at multiple prehearing conferences, formally asks the arbitrator to impose a bond requirement on the opposing party, and only after the arbitrator denies that request tells the arbitrator that its submission to jurisdiction was conditional on obtaining that bond?

Answer:  On these facts, we conclude that such conduct does constitute clear and unmistakable consent to allow the arbitrator to decide the issue of his own jurisdiction.  We further conclude that the party's challenge to the arbitrator's jurisdiction is untimely and that his challenges to the arbitrator's assessment of his jurisdiction and to the ultimate arbitration award are without merit.

Twenty pages of explanation follow the foregone conclusion.

        TRIVIA: Who said:  "To ask the question is to answer it?"  The phrase was used in Supreme Court cases in the 19th century, in opinions authored by Mr. Justice Brewer in In Re Debs, 158 U.S. 564 (1895), and by Mr. Justice Matthews in Heald v. Rice, 104 U.S.737 (1882).  Since then, the phrase has appeared in numerous cases.

Deadlines: Appellant Forfeited Ability To Challenge Judgment Confirming Arbitration Award Based On Lack Of Jurisdiction By Permitting The Arbitration To Proceed Without Objection

How Long You Can Wait To Challenge A Judgment Confirming Arbitration Award Depends On Whether Court Compelled Participation In The Arbitration, Or Whether You Simply Allowed The Arbitration To Proceed Without Objection.

         Appellant waited more than seven years to attack a superior court judgment confirming an arbitration award in FIA Card Services, N.A. v. Cross, D071954 (4/1  1/19/18) (Aaron, McConnell, Huffman) (unpublished).   While that may seem like an awfully long time (and so it proved to be here), there was a narrow opportunity to attack the judgment that the appellant tried to exploit.

        A party seeking to vacate an arbitration award has a 100-day deadline to do so, and the 100-day deadline is jurisdictional.  However, in the case of attacking a judgment to confirm the award, there is a loophole:  if the court erroneously compelled the parties to arbitrate, then there is a jurisdictional flaw, and of course, a lack of jurisdiction can be attacked at any time.  See United Firefighters of Los Angeles v. City of Los Angeles, 231 Cal.App.3d 1576, 1581 (1991).  As the Court of Appeal explained:

     "In the circumstance where a court orders the parties to arbitrate, if the arbitration process is later found to be invalid, the responsibility for the wasting of resources lies with the trial court, not the litigant, and there has not been any gaming of the system."

        Here, however, the Court of Appeal believed that the evidence showed Appellant had received notice of the arbitration, had not participated, and had not objected.  Under those circumstances, the Appellant had "forfeited her contention that the arbitration . . . against her was invalid.  She may not come to court for the first time a decade after the fact and attempt to undermine a judgment entered based on the arbitration award."

        Note that, rather than address a specific time deadline for attacking the judgment confirming the arbitration award, the Court phrased the outcome in terms of "forfeiture" through delay, probably because it recognized that a fundamental lack of jurisdiction that would make a judgment void ab initio can be attacked at any time.

Arbitration/Administrative/Deadlines: Court Of Appeal Finds No Denial Of Due Process Where Terminated Fire Captain Failed To Follow County's Procedures

Sutter County Only Had A Duty To Provide An Opportunity For Arbitration Review Of Termination Decision, Not To Provide Review.

Sutter County.  January, 1942.  Lee Russell, photographer.  Marileeann Simpson holds a pan of vegetables freshly gathered from her family's garden at the FSA (Farm Security Administration) farm workers community. Yuba City.  Library of Congress.

        One who does not follow administrative rules risks losing substantive rights.  Such was the fate of Fire Captain Gorden Graham in Graham v. County of Sutter, C074701 (3rd Dist.  10/24/17) (Hull, Mauro, Duarte) (unpublished).  

        Appellant Graham appealed from denial of his request for a writ of mandate requiring Sutter County to provide him a post-termination proceeding after he failed to comply with the deadline for requesting appointment of arbitrators.  Graham, a Fire Captain, had been dismissed following his loss of EMT Certifcation, resulting from a domestic abuse violation and conviction for destroying a cellular telephone with intent to prevent its use to summon help.  (Bet you didn't know there was such a Penal Code provision.  Check out section 591.5).

        Graham failed to proceed timely with requesting an arbitration list.  The opinion states that the attorney "said he forgot to meet the county's deadline due to a 'hectic' work week."  Earlier, some deadlines had been extended.

        The Court of Appeal did not cut any slack here.  It concluded Graham had not been denied due process, because Sutter County "did not have a ministerial duty to provide the arbitration where Graham failed to follow Sutter County's procedures."  And though the Court found authority requiring a good cause exception for late filing of an administrative appeal of dismissal of employment, it concluded that under the circumstances here, due process did not require Sutter County to allow a good cause exception to its internal appeal deadline associated with prosecution of an administrative appeal.

        COMMENT:  If one becomes involved in administrative proceedings, it is more than a good idea to chart the internal administrative deadlines, as well as any applicable statutory deadlines.